Table 9 Methods used per target population

1. Academics

Partnership Data Report for Reflection [22] and World Café [23]

2. Adolescents

Art-based narrative interview [24]; The River of Life [22]; Photovoice [25, 26]; Card sort [27]; and VR FestLab [28]

3. Adults

The Three-StepTest-Interview [29]; Posters [30]; Situation analysis tool [31]; The River of Life [22]; Interview [32]; Mockups of webpages [33]; Participant observation [34]; User stories [35]; Conflict Family (cultural storytelling activity) [36]; Co-created river [37]; Multi-criteria decision analysis [38]; Photovoice [39,40,41]; MUST method [42]; Photo-elicitation [43]; Co-design by Appropriation of Affordances [44]; Visioning [45]; Participatory systems mapping [46]; Geo-Wiki online tool [47]; Storytelling Group [48]; Sensemaking [35]; Web-based visualization tool [49]; and Social Network Analysis [50]

4. Autistic children

Full-Body Interaction [51]

5. Cancer survivors

Photovoice [52]

6. Caregivers

Carer's Assembly [53] and Purposive sampling [54]

7. Children (under 18 years old)

About me [55]; Art Making [56]; Bookmaking [56]; Building a Model [56]; Challenge lists and asset cards [57]; Diamond ranking [58]; Digital storytelling [59, 60]; Draw and write technique [61,62,63,64]; Drawing [65]; Five Field Map [66]; FUBImethod [67]; Graphs over time [68]; Image Theatre [59]; Informal interviews [61]; Lego Serious Play [69]; Mosaic approach [63, 70]; Novelty scale: lolly jars [55]; Novelty Scales: Smiley faces [55]; Participant observation [71]; Participant Photography [72]; Participatory Theme Elicitation [73]; Participatory Video [59]; Photo-elicitation [55, 58]; Photovoice [26, 74, 75]; Puppets [63]; Role-playing [56]; Semi-participant observations [61]; Stick-a-star quiz [61]; Story board [76]; The Five Whys Method [77]; Video diary [78]; Visual voices method [79]; and Word Search [76]

8. Children with special needs

Diamond ranking [80]; School preference cards [80]; SCERTS observational checklists [80]; and The Graffiti Wall [80]

9. Community members

Asset mapping [81]; Concept mapping (aka Cognitive mapping) [82]; Dot map focus groups [83]; Partnership Data Report for Reflection [22]; Pathways [45]; Photovoice [84]; Satellite imagery-assisted activity logs [83]; World Café [23]; and Yonmenkaigi System Method [85]

10. Disabled people

Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis [86]; The Concerns Report Method [87]; and Photovoice [88]

11. Farmers

Cross sectional survey [89]; and Photovoice [90]

12. Forest communities

Alternative scenarios [45]

13. Healthcare professionals

Concept mapping (aka Cognitive mapping) [91]; Nominal group technique (expert panel) [92]; Semi-structured interview [78]; Sociogram (directed graph) [93]; World Café [23]; and User driven systematic review [94]

14. Homeless people

Photovoice [95]

15. Immigrants

Concept mapping (Cognitive mapping) [96]

16. Indigenous people

Storytelling [97]; Gaataa’aabing Visual Research Method [98]; Interpretive focus groups [99]; Digital storytelling [100]; and Group interview [101]

17. Inuit communities living with diabetes

Storytelling [102]

18. LGBTQAI + 

Community mapping [103] and Photovoice [26]

19. Low-income people

Body measurements [104]; Causal loop diagram [68]; Graphs over time [68]; Snowball sampling [54]; and The Concerns Report Method [87]

20. Marginalized people

Alternative scenarios [45]; Participatory Video [105]; Mandala drawing [106]; Participant-created comics [45]; and Photovoice [107, 108]

21. Muslim women

llustrative arts-based method [109]

22. Non-binary youth

Body mapping [110]

23. Nurses

Graphic Facilitation [93]; Photographic elicitation [93]; and Sociogram (directed graph) [93]

24. Older people

Photovoice [111, 112]; Interview [32]; Alternative scenarios [45]; Living Lab [113]; Photo-elicitation [43, 114]; storyboard & animations [113]; and Life Café [115]

25. Parents

Narrative Interview [78]

26. People living with breast cancer

Critical incident technique [116]

27. People with chronic non-cancer pain

Purposive sampling [54]

28. People with Dementia

Storytelling [117] and Policy café [53]

29. People with diabetes

Nominal group technique (expert panel) [92]

30. People with low literacy

Alternative scenarios [45] and Photo-elicitation [118]

31. People with mental health challenges

Participatory mapping [119]

32. Refugees

Forum Theatre [120] and Playback Theatre [120]

33. Rural populations

Photovoice [95]

34. Single mothers

Photovoice [121]

35. Students

Co-created river [37]; Brief Re-Edited With Gamification Elements [122]; and Photovoice [41]

36. Teachers

Participatory visual methodology [123]

37. Underserved at-risk people

Photo-elicitation [43]

38. Vulnerable people

Blended approach: photovoice and photo-elicitation [124]; Daily activity space travel diary [125]; Geocaching games [83]; Listing, scoring, ranking [126]; Participant Photography [72]; Participatory geographic mapping [125]; Photo production with interviews [117]; Photovoice [62, 108, 127,128,129,130,131]; Analytic hierarchy process [132]; and Alternative scenarios [133]

39. Women with previous gestational diabetes

Facebook group [134]

40. Youth (15–24 years old)

Community mapping [83, 103]; Digital storytelling [59, 60]; Dot map focus groups [83]; Geocaching games [83]; Image Theatre [59]; Lego Serious Play [69]; Illustrative arts-based method [109]; Participant Photography [72]; Participatory Theme Elicitation [73]; Participatory Video [59]; Participatory/reflective photography [135]; Peer-interviewing [136]; Photovoice [39, 127, 128, 137]; Satellite imagery-assisted activity logs [83]; Wellness Quest tool [138]; and Youth ReACT (Research Actualizing Critical Thought) data analysis method [139]