Fig. 3
From: Sampling weighting strategies in causal mediation analysis
Distributions of Estimated Effects for Scenario 8. Note: Neither stage: no sampling weights in either stage; 1st stage: only use sampling weights to estimate mediation weights; 2nd stage: only use sampling weights in outcome model; Both stages: use sampling weights in both stages. Sampling Methods: 1. \(S \sim U\), 2. \(S \sim U + M\), 3. \(S \sim U + A\), 4. \(S \sim 1\)