Fig. 3

The causal model (using a DAG), Common Data Model (CDM) and synthetic data, and how they relate to each other. The DAG, capturing assumptions on factors and relationships when assessing the real-world effectiveness of a primary vaccination schedule as compared to partial or no vaccination in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection in populations spanning national borders, is visualized. The structure of the CDM and synthetic data, as constructed based on the drafted causal model, is presented